Technology

The Nokia N1 is the company's first mobile product after the Microsoft acquisition, which forces the Finnish company to no longer use the Nokia brand on smartphones till Q4 2016, and on feature phones for 10 years. Though to bypass the restriction,Nokia may very well launch a smartphone under a different brand.

Tech Specs:

• Height
• 200.7mm
• Width
• 138.6 mm
• Depth
• 6.9 mm
• Body
• One-piece design
• Aluminum with surface anodization
• Weight
• 318 g
• Colors
• Natural Aluminum or Lava Gray
• Camera
• 8 MP rear-facing camera with autofocus
• 5 MP front-facing camera, fixed focus
• 1080p video recording
• Buttons and connections
• 3.5 mm audio
• USB Type-C reversible connector with USB 2.0

• Display
• 7.9 inch (4:3)
• 2048x1536 resolution
• Gorilla® glass 3
• IPS panel with LED backlight
• Fully laminated zero air-gap display
• Chip
• Intel® 64-bit Atom™ Processor Z3580, 2.3 GHz
• Memory
• LPDDR3 (800 MHz), 2 GB
• Storage
• eMMC 5.0, 32 GB
• Graphics
• PowerVR G6430, 533 MHz

• Audio
• High Quality Discrete Audio Codec, Wolfson
• WM8958E, independent audio codec
• Speakers
• Two 0.5 W stereo speakers
• 90 dB with less than 10% total harmonic distortion (THD)
• Microphone
• Digital MIC Cavity resonance frequency more than 20 KHz
• Battery
• 18.5 Wh (5300 mAh) rechargeable lithium polymer battery (3.7 V)
• Sensors
• 6-axis Gyro+Accelerometer
• Wireless
• Wi-Fi, (802.11a/b/g/n/ac); dual channel (2.4GHz & 5GHz) with MIMO
• Bluetooth, BT 4.0
• Software
• Android™ 5.0 Lollipop
• Nokia Z Launcher

What is GSM:

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM differs from first generation wireless systems in that it uses digital technology and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) transmission methods. GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200kHz channel into eight 25kHz time-slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US. The 850MHz band is also used for GSM and 3GSM in Australia, Canada and many South American countries. GSM supports data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s, allowing the transmission of basic data services such as SMS (Short Message Service). Another major benefit is its international roaming capability, allowing users to access the same services when travelling abroad as at home. This gives consumers seamless and same number connectivity in more than 210 countries. GSM satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not available.

Global System for Mobile Communications. The first European digital standard, developed to establish cellular compatibility throughout Europe. It's success has spread to all parts of the world and over 80 GSM networks are now operational. It operates at 900 MHz.

Brief History Of CDMA:

CDMA is based around a form of transmission known as Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. The CDMA history can be directly linked back to the 1940s when this form of transmission was first envisaged. As electronics technology improved, it started to be used for covert military transmissions in view of the facts that the transmissions look like noise, it is difficult to decipher without the knowledge of the right codes, and furthermore it is difficult to jam.

With the revolution in cellular telecommunications that occurred in the 1980s a then little know company named Qualcomm working on DSSS transmissions started to look at this as the basis for a cellular telecommunications multiple access scheme - CDMA - code division multiple access.

The concept of CDMA had to proved in the field and accordingly Qualcomm was joined by US network operators Nynex and Ameritech to develop the first experimental CDMA system. Later the team was expanded as Motorola and AT&T (now Lucent) joined to bring their resources to speed development.

As a result this it was possible to start writing a specification for CDMA in 1990. With the support of the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) a standards group was set up. This group then published the standard for the first CDMA system in the form of IS-95, resulting in the formal publication of IS-95-A in 1995.

CDMA is based around a form of transmission known as Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. The CDMA history can be directly linked back to the 1940s when this form of transmission was first envisaged. As electronics technology improved, it started to be used for covert military transmissions in view of the facts that the transmissions look like noise, it is difficult to decipher without the knowledge of the right codes, and furthermore it is difficult to jam.

With the revolution in cellular telecommunications that occurred in the 1980s a then little know company named Qualcomm working on DSSS transmissions started to look at this as the basis for a cellular telecommunications multiple access scheme - CDMA - code division multiple access.

The concept of CDMA had to proved in the field and accordingly Qualcomm was joined by US network operators Nynex and Ameritech to develop the first experimental CDMA system. Later the team was expanded as Motorola and AT&T (now Lucent) joined to bring their resources to speed development.

As a result this it was possible to start writing a specification for CDMA in 1990. With the support of the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) a standards group was set up. This group then published the standard for the first CDMA system in the form of IS-95, resulting in the formal publication of IS-95-A in 1995.CDMA technology advantages
The use of CDMA offers several advantages and it is for this reason that CDMA technology has been adopted for many 3G cellular telecommunications systems.

Improvement in capacity:   One of the chief claims for CDMA is that it gives significant improvements in network capacity. Original expectations for some of the proponents of CDMA technology were for some very significant improvements:

18 fold increase in capacity when compared to AMPS (1G technology used in USA)
6 fold increase in capacity when compared to US TDMA (2G technology used in USA) - similar increases were also claimed over GSM.
In reality the original expectations were not fulfilled although increases of a factor of about two were seen when compared to US TDMA and GSM. This in itself was a significant improvement.
Improvement in handover / handoff:   Using CDMA it is possible for a terminal to communicate with two base stations at once. As a result, the old link only needs to be broken when the new one is firmly established. This provides significant improvements in terms of the reliability of handover / handoff from one base station to another.

The Simple Mathematical Flaw in Modern Economics

Most people believe that interest is natural to money. However, the way in which money is created determines whether interest is applicable or not.

Two forms of money creation have dominated over the last 5000 years -- creating money out of credit and creating money out of gold or silver - with humanity going back and forth between centuries-long domination of credit money and centuries-long domination of gold and silver-backed money.

Credit money is newly created on the back of borrowers' creditworthiness. It is debt obligations enforced by civil law and backed by provisions for bad debt. Since credit money is legal agreements that require only paper and inexpensive credit risk insurance to create, credit money doesn't have to be borrowed from anyone and therefore doesn't attract interest - credit money is interest-free.

On the other hand, gold-backed money cannot be created as required by the demands of trade - the supply of gold-backed money is limited to the amount of gold in the world. Therefore there's not enough for everyone to trade their goods and services with. Those that are short of gold-backed money have to borrow it from the few that hold the world's gold-backed money and pay them interest for doing so. Gold-backed money bears interest.


The amount of credit money created matches what borrowers can afford and hence matches the amount of goods and services traded in the economy. Credit money is also backed by provisions for bad debt. Therefore the creation of credit money does not contribute to inflation. The gold supply, on the other hand, has no relation to the amount of goods and services traded in the economy. Gold-backed money is therefore inflationary and deflationary.

Traditional diplomacy was about government-to-government relations. Modern diplomacy is more about people-to-people relations. And culture is central here.

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